前缀in-(il-,im-,ir-,i-,en-) = 不,无,非;向内,入
前缀in-在英语中派生出大量的英语单词,在所有英语词缀里面,由这个前缀派生出来的单词数量惊人的大,比如金正基《英语词缀与派生词》一书就列出由前缀in-派生出的单词就有145个,再加上冷僻的单词那就更多了。在所有由前缀in-派生出来的单词中,in-意思可分为两大类:1)表示否定意义的派生前缀in-,表示not,no,lack of 意思是“不、无、非”;2)表示方向的原生前缀in-,表示in,into;on,upon;toward 意思是“向内、入”等。
下面我们对in-两大意思来源,及其变体进行详细讲解:
前缀in-表示否定意义时:in-的前身是表示否定意义的拉丁前缀in-,其基本含义是not。能与in-结合的拉丁词干的英语中几乎都是借词,所以,我们可以把in- 看成一个特殊的派生前缀,它只与拉丁借词相结合。具体地说,in-可以跟形容词(及其派生词)、名词缀合,其意义分别为not(不)和lack of(无)。这时,in-并不改变词基单词的词性。不过,in-又保留着某些原生词缀的特点,它受词干首字母的同化,生出il-,im-,ir-三种异体(在刘毅词根词典里面这种变im-,ir-,en-,i-体包括),其中,in- 用在除l,b,m,p,r之外的其他字母之前;il-用在l之前,ir-用在r之前;im-用在唇音b,p,m之前。
前缀in-表示方向的前缀时:in-来源于拉丁介副词in,其基本含义是in/into,on/upon或towrads。它一般加缀在拉丁动词词根前,构成原生动词或动词词干,在构词中起修饰或加强作用。与表示否定前缀的in-一样,表示方向的前缀in-也有il-,im-和ir-三种变体,而且构词规则与还定前缀in-也完全相同。
概括:
一. in-
(1) 表示:不、无、非。
(2)向内、入。
(3)加强意义,或表示“使...”、“作...”。
二. im- (用在b,m,p之前)
(1) 表示:不、无、非。
(2)向内、入。
(3)加强意义,或表示“使...”、“饰以...”、“加以...”。
三. il- (用在l之前)
(1) 表示:不、无、非。
(2) 加强或引申意
四. ir- (用在r之前)
(1) 表示:不、无、非。
(2) 向内,入
例词:
1.illicit [il<in( =not) +
adj. unlawful, forbidden 非法的,法律禁止的 illicitly 非法地
举例: The minister had conducted an illicit affair with a parishioner for years.
那位牧师多年以来一直和一名教区居民保持着非法关系。
2.illusion [il<in( =in) +
n. the seeing of something that does not really exist; false idea or belief 幻影,幻想;错觉,妄想
illusionist 魔术家,幻想家 illusive/illusory 幻觉的,错觉的,迷惑人的
举例: Many old maids hold the ilusion of perfect marriage well into their fifties.
许多老处女在五十岁以后仍煞幻想着拥有完美的婚姻。
3.immense [im<in( =not) +mens<meter( =measure)无法测量的]
adj. vast,huge; very good,excellent 极广大的,无限的,巨大的;极妙的,优秀的
immensity 无限,广大,庞大的东西 immensely 无限地,非常
举例: There is an immense gulf of enmity between my brother and me.
我哥哥和我之间存在一道鸿沟,我们矛盾很深。
4.immerse [im<in( =into)+mers<merg (=dip, plunge) 浸入…之中弄湿]
vt. sb/sth+in+sth put under the surface of water or other liquid; absorb deeply,engross; baptize by dipping under water 浸入,使沉浸;使埋首于;施浸礼
immersion 浸入;专心;浸礼 immerge( =immerse)
举例: He immersed himself in his studies to the detraction of his social life.
他因埋头于学业而忽视了社交生活。
5.immobile [im<in (=not)+mob (=move)不能移动的]
adj. not able to move or be moved; motionless 不能移动的,不动的,固定的
immobilize 使(某物)不能移动 immobility 固定,静止
举例:A plaster cast holds a broken bone immoblie, allowing it to heal.
石膏绷带固定住骨折的骨头,以利于其恢复。
6.impact [im<in( =intensive) +pact( =fasten, agree)使劲系紧,捆紧]
n. strong impression or effect; collision, force exerted by one object when striking against another 强烈的印象、影响;冲突,冲击
vt. pack firmly together; collide with 填满;冲突
举例: The appeal had such an impact on me that I contributed $100 dollars.
那呼吁给我以巨大的影响,我捐献了100美元。
7.impassable [im<in( =not)+
adj. impossible to travel through or on 不能通行的,不能通过的,无法穿越的
impassability 不能通行
举例: Many of the highest mountain passes are impassable in winter.
高山上的路有很多在冬天无法通行。
8.implement [im<in( =in)+ple(=fill)把…里面填满]
n. tool or instrument for working with 工具,手段
vt. carry an undertaking, agreement, promise into effact 履行协定、约定等
implementation n. 履行,实行
举例: The plan will be implemented in stages, starting next week.
此计划下周开始分阶段实施。
9.incalculable [in( =not)+calcul( =reckon)数不清的]
adj. too great to be calculated; unpredictable 无法计算的,无法预测的,(数目)巨大的
举例: Prime numbers of more than 100 digits are incalculable by today's supercomputers. .
就是今天的超级计算机,也无法计算出超过100位的小数。
10. incomprehensible [in( =not)+com( =thoroughly) +prehens( =take)根本无法抓住的]
adj. that cannot be understood 不能理解的 incomprehension 不了解
举例: l've studied French for months, but I still find most conversations incomprehensible.
我已经学了好几个月法语,但发现对多数对话仍无法理解。
11. indisputable [in (=not)+dis( =apart) +put (=think)不必分开考虑的]
adj. that cannot be disputed; unquestionable 无争论之余地的,明白的
举例: lt's an indisputable tact that I earn more in sales commissions than she does.
我的销售佣金比她多,这是无可争辩的事实。
12.induce [in( =in, into)+duc( =lead)拉向里面]
vt. sb+to do bring about; persuade; draw a general conclusion or principle from particular facts 引起,致使;劝诱;归纳
inducement 劝诱,刺激物 induction 归纳法;感应;就任;募兵 inductive 诱导的;归纳的 induct 正式就任;人会;募兵
举例: Doctors often Induce labor in pregnant women with powerful drugs.
区生常用强效药物为孕妇催产。
13.inept [in (=not)+ept<apt( =fit)不适当的]
adj. not suitable to the purpose; wrong in a foolish and awkward way; incompetent 不适当的;无能的;愚笨的,笨拙的;不熟练的
ineptitude不熟练;不适宜;不当的言行 ineptly 不适当地
举例:I apologize for my inept remark;I never meant to offend you.
我为自己不恰当的话道歉,我绝不是有意冒犯您。
14. ingenuity [in (=in)+gen (=birth)诞生的状态]
n. cleverness and skill; originality in design 机灵,精明;才能;独创性,创造力
ingenious 机灵的,有发明才能的,巧妙的 ingenuous 纯真的
举例: His ingenuity kept the company running even during the cash shortfall.
他的才智使公司在资金不足的状况下仍能正常运转。
15.ingrained [in (=in)+grain<gran( =seed)杷种子播在…里面]
adj. deeply fixed; thorough; going deep(习惯等)根深蒂固的;(谎言)彻头彻尾的;(理论、思想等)深入骨髓的
ingrain 生染,使(习惯等)根深蒂固:生染的,根深蒂固的; 生染的纤维
举例: Adult's racial prejudice has typically been ingrained since childhood.
成人的种族偏见一般从儿时起就已根深蒂固。
16.ingratitude [in( =not)+grat(=thank, pleasing, favor)不感谢的]
n. lack of gratitude 不知感恩,忘思负义 ingrate 忘恩负义者
举例: Because of her past ingratitude,I won't be giving her any more gifts.
因为她以前不知感恩图报,所以我决不再送她礼物。
17. inhabitant [in( =in)+hab( =live, have)在…里面居住的人]
n. a person or animal that inhabits some specified region, dwelling, etc. 居民,居住者:栖息动物
inhabit 居住于,居住,栖息 inhabitable 适于居住的 inhabited 有人居住的
举例: There are only 7 inhabitants in this small apartment building.
这幢小公寓楼里只有七个人住。
18.initiative [in (=in, into)+it (=go)去里边]
n. first or introductory step or move; capacity to see what needs to be done and enterprise enough to do it:the right of citizens to introduce new laws 先导,主导权,率先,开始;创意;进取心,事业心;公
民立法提案权
initiate 开始,入门;新加入的(人),被传授的(人)initiation 开始,着手,入会
initial开始的,最初的;(字的)首字母,名字的首字母;以首字母签名
举例: Employees with initiative are likely to be promoted after their first year.
有进取心的职员可能会在第一年之后得到提升。
19.innovation [in( =in) +nov (=new)翻新里面]
n. the act or process of innovating; something new that is introduced 革新,创新;新制度,新事物;发明
innovate 改革,创新 innovator 改革者,创新者 innovative 创新的
举例: Her innovation contributed to several new and useful teaching methods.
地的革新方案有助于开发一些新的、有效的教学方法。
20.instantaneous [in (=on)+st (=stand)站于…上]
adj. happening in an instant 瞬间的,即刻的
instant 瞬间,刹那;即刻的 instantaneously 瞬间地,刹那间
举例: Wire transfers are instantaneous. The money arrives in milliseconds.
电汇瞬间就可完成,钱即刻可到账。
21.intangible [in( =not)+tang( =touch)无法接触或抚摸的]
adj. that cannot be touched; insubstantial; not easily grasped by the mind 不能抚摸的;无形的;难以掌握的 intangibility 不可触知性
举例: Some of the most important gifts we receive from parents are intangible.
我们从父母那儿得来的一些最重要的礼物是无形的财富。
22.intensive [in( =in)+tens (=stretch)在…里拉高]
adj. characterized by intensity; concentrated,thorough; giving force and emphasis 强烈的;集中的,彻底的;加强语气的,强调的
intensify 加强 intensification 激化,强化 intensity 强烈;紧张 intension 强度 intense 强烈的,激烈的;热情的
举例:I took a 2-day intensive course on how to use my new computer.
力学会使用我的新计算机,我参加了一个为期两天的强化培训课程。
23.intimidate [in (=in)+tim(=fear)使陷入恐惧的状态]
vt. make someone afraid; force someone to do something by means of threats 使害怕;胁迫,威胁
intimidation 威胁,胁迫
举例:Some adults compel obedience from young children by intimidating them.
一些大人通过威胁孩子来迫使他们服从。
24. invoke [in ( =on) +vok/voc (=call)依靠…呼喊]
vt. call upon God,the power of the law,etc. for help or protection; request earnestly;summon up by magic 祈求上帝的保佑;求助于法律的力量;诚恳地请求;用魔法召唤
invocation 祈祷;呼诉,请求;咒语
举例: People who say blessings at mealtime invoke the name of God with thanks.
就餐时祈祷的人心怀感激地呼唤着上帝的名字。
25.imminent [im<in (=on)+min (=hang,project)悬挂在某物上]
adj. impending; likely to happen without delay 紧急的:急迫的,迫切的
imminence 急迫,迫近 imminently 迫切地,迫近地
举例:I'll wait and buy it later because their clearance sale is imminent.
因为他们马上就要清仓甩卖了,我决定过些时候再买那样东西。
26.impartial [im<in (=not)+part (=part)不分割某物的]
adj. not favoring one more than another 公平的,不偏不倚的
impartiality 公正,不倔不倚 impartially 公平地
举例:Ideally a judge will be imparial in his administration of justice.
理想地说,法官应该公正执法。
27.implore [im<in( =intensive)+plor(=weep)眼泪汩汩而流]
vt. ask or beg earnestiy for 恳求,哀求,寻求神或法律的宽恕
imploration 乞求,恳求 imploring 哀求的 imploringly 哀求地
举例: The woman implored the doctors to locate a liver donor for her dying son.
那个女人哀求医生为她垂死的儿子寻找肝脏捐赠者。
28.impostor [im<in (=on)+post (=put)放在上面]
n. a person who deceives or cheats by pretending to be someone or something that he is not 胃名顶替者,骗子
举例: l've read of several cases where respected physicians turned out to be impostors.
我曾阅读过几宗关于受尊敬的内科医生最终被查明是骗子的案例。
29.incentive [in( =in, on)+cent( =sing)在…里面唱歌]
n. that which incites, rouses, or encourages a person 动机,诱因,刺激
举例: Salespeople usually receive commissions as an incentive to sell more.
营业员通常可以从销售中提成,这成为其销售更多货物的动机。
30.indifference [in( =not)+dif<dis(=away)+fer(=carry)搬运时注意不使脱离]
n. ~ to the state of being indifferent; absence of interest or feeling; lack of importance, meaning, or worth 不关心,冷淡;不重要
indifferent 不关心的,无关紧要的,平凡的
举例: lt's hard to be in love with you when you show me only indifference.
你对我一点儿也不关心,我很难爱上你。
31.irreverent [ir<in(=not) + re(=again) + ver(=feel awe) 不再有敬畏感的]
adj. feeling or showing no respect for sacred things 不尊敬的,不恭敬的
inrreverence 不敬的行为(言辞)
举例:Many teenagers today are irreverent towards authority figures.
现在,许多十几岁的青少年对权威人物并不尊敬。
32.irrelevant [ir<in(=not) + re(=again) + lev (=lift,light) 不能再举起的]
adj. not relevant;not connected 不相关的;不切题的;不恰当的
irrelevance/irrelevancy 不恰当的;无关系;不切题
举例:教授说我论文的第三段与论文整体无关联性。
33.ignoble [i<in(=not) +
adj. of low character;mean;of low birth 低劣的,卑劣的;不光彩的;(出身或身份)低微的
举例:The Taliban in Afghanistan met an ignoble end at the hands of the USA.
阿富汗的塔利班政权在美国手里落了个不光彩的下场。